Manipulating directories in Linux

< Creating directories >

Creating a new, empty directory is very easy. You use the mkdir command:
$ mkdir dir1

That's it. It's really that easy!

< Removing directories >

There are two commands you can use for removing directories. If the directory is empty, you can use rmdir:
$ rmdir dir1

You can use rmdir only if the directory is empty. If you want to remove a directory with all its contents, you can use rm with the -r option. The -r option tells rm to remove a directory recursively:
$ rm -r dir1

It goes without saying that you can cause a lot of trouble with rm -r if you're not careful! In some cases it might be a good thing to use the -i option when deleting a directory with its contents so that you'd be prompted before each file in the directory gets deleted:
$ rm -ir dir1

< Copying and moving directories >

For copying and moving directories you can use the cp and mv commands just like you use them with files. If you've already tried to copy a directory with cp, you've probably noticed that cp just complains at you. Probably it says something like cp: omitting directory yadda yadda. You see, the cp command wants you to use the -r option if you want to copy a directory with its contents. The -r means "copy recursively":
$ cp -r dir1 dir2

The above creates a directory named dir2 whose contents will be identical to dir1. However, if dir2 already exists, nothing will be overwritten: the directory dir1 will be copied into the dir2 directory under the name dir2/dir1.

When renaming directories, you use the mv command exactly the same way as with files:
$ mv dir1 dir2

When dealing with directories, mv works a bit like cp does. If dir2 doesn't exist, the above will rename dir1 to dir2, but if dir2 exists, the directory dir1 will be moved into the dir2 directory under the name dir2/dir1.

Moving around in the file system
Command	Action
pwd	"Print working directory" - show what dir you're in.
ls	List the contents of a dir.
ls -l	List the contents of a dir and show additional info of the files.
ls -a	List all files, including hidden files.
cd	Change directory.
cd ..	Go to the parent directory.
Examining files
Command	Action
file	Determine the type of a file.
cat	Concatenate a file.
less	View text files and paginate them if needed.
Manipulating files and directories
Command	Action
cp	Copy a file.
cp -i	Copy a file and ask before overwriting.
cp -r	Copy a directory with its contents.
mv	Move or rename a file.
mv -i	Move or rename a file and ask before overwriting.
rm	Remove a file.
rm -r	Remove a directory with its contents.
rm -i	Ask before removing a file. Good to use with the -r option.
mkdir	Make a directory.
rmdir	Remove an empty directory.